We hypothesized that after lockdown, COVID-19 hospitalization rates among older residents would be disproportionately higher in such ZIP codes, due to older individuals at high risk of contracting COVID-19 sharing the same indoor household spaces as asymptomatic school-aged children. To explore this, we investigated whether the New York City (NYC)-wide lockdown in the spring of 2020 was associated with increased COVID-19 hospitalization rates in ZIP codes with higher proportions of multigenerational households.
This hypothesis has not been empirically tested using real-world data. This risk is driven by increased inoculation of older individuals by house-bound school-age children, particularly in communities with limited means to reduce other potential exposure. However, results from simulation modeling studies have suggested an increased risk of COVID-19 related morbidity after NPIs, including school closures. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as city-wide lockdowns and school closures have had demonstrable impacts on COVID-19 transmission.
In a nationwide study of multigenerational households in the United Kingdom during their first wave, men and women living in multigenerational households with children had a 17–21% increased risk of COVID-19 mortality after adjusting for several socioeconomic and clinical risk factors. Furthermore, multigenerational households may be at further risk because of the skewed nature of COVID-19 morbidity towards older individuals. Ecological studies that examined links between housing conditions and COVID-19 rates describe associations between poorer housing conditions and COVID-19 cases, as well as between overcrowded housing and COVID-19 test positivity, even after accounting for numerous socioeconomic factors. Įvidence suggests that the organization of households and housing structure may also play a role in COVID-19 transmission. social distancing and lockdowns) have been critical to decreasing COVID-19 transmission and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the United States and abroad. For this reason, public health measures that limit physical proximity (e.g. Studies show that both proximity to infected patients and the concentration of inoculum play important roles in acquisition and subsequent severity of COVID-19. Since COVID-19’s first appearance in December 2019, knowledge of transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV2 has rapidly advanced. Website: The funders played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to public, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Website: Anjile An, MPH is in part supported by the Clinical and Translational Science Center at Weill Cornell Medical College (1-UL1-TR002384-01). Ghosh is supported by National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) grant KL2-TR-002385 of the Clinical and Translational Science Center at Weill Cornell Medical College. Data are available from the NY DOHMH Institutional Data Access / Ethics Committee (contact via ) for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data.įunding: Dr. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly because of restrictions from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygeine.
Received: AugAccepted: MaPublished: March 30, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Ghosh et al. PLoS ONE 17(3):Įditor: Sheikh Mohd Saleem, UNICEF India, Government Medical College, INDIA (2022) Association between city-wide lockdown and COVID-19 hospitalization rates in multigenerational households in New York City. Citation: Ghosh AK, Venkatraman S, Reshetnyak E, Rajan M, An A, Chae JK, et al.
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